如何在纯C中实现类、继承和多态(小白友好版)
基本实现原理
/* 通过结构体+函数指针模拟类 */
typedef struct {// 成员变量int x; // 成员方法(函数指针) void (*print)(void* self);
} MyClass;/* 成员函数实现 */
void my_print(void* self) {MyClass* obj = (MyClass*)self;printf("Value: %d\n", obj->x);
}/* 构造函数 */
MyClass* MyClass_create(int x) {MyClass* obj = malloc(sizeof(MyClass));obj->x = x;obj->print = my_print; // 方法绑定return obj;
}
🔀 三种核心特性实现
1. 封装
// 头文件(.h)中只声明结构体指针
typedef struct HiddenClass HiddenClass;// 源文件(.c)中定义真实结构体
struct HiddenClass {int private_data;void (*public_method)(HiddenClass*);
};
2. 继承
/* 基类 */
typedef struct {int base_val;void (*base_method)();
} Base;/* 派生类 */
typedef struct {Base super; // 包含基类实现继承int derived_val;
} Derived;
3. 多态
typedef struct {void (*speak)();
} Animal;void dog_speak() { printf("汪汪汪\n"); }
void cat_speak() { printf("喵喵喵\n"); }Animal dog = { .speak = dog_speak };
Animal cat = { .speak = cat_speak };
🧩 完整示例:图形系统
/* 基类:Shape */
typedef struct Shape Shape;
struct Shape {void (*draw)(Shape*);
};/* 派生类:Circle */
typedef struct {Shape parent; // 继承int radius;
} Circle;void circle_draw(Shape* self) {Circle* c = (Circle*)self;printf("绘制半径%d的圆\n", c->radius);
}Circle* create_circle(int r) {Circle* c = malloc(sizeof(Circle));c->parent.draw = circle_draw;c->radius = r;return c;
}
备注
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