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从入门到精通：Helm Charts 创建初学者指南

news 来源：原创 2025/6/17 13:26:53

简介

Kubernetes 彻底革新了容器编排，Helm Chart 已成为管理 Kubernetes 应用程序的事实上的标准。如果您是 Helm 新手，本指南将指导您从零开始创建自己的 Helm Chart，助您从零开始成为大师！

什么是 Helm Chart？

Helm Chart 是一个预配置的 Kubernetes 资源包。它包含在 Kubernetes 中部署和管理应用程序所需的一切，包括：

模板：定义 Kubernetes 资源（例如部署、服务等）的 YAML 清单。
值：用于自定义部署的配置选项。
元数据：描述 Chart 的文件，例如其名称和版本。

先决条件

Kubernetes 集群：确保您可以访问正在运行的 Kubernetes 集群。
已安装 kubectl：用于与您的集群交互。
已安装 Helm：按照官方指南安装 Helm。

步骤 1：创建 Helm Chart

首先使用 helm create 命令创建 Helm Chart：

ninjamac@ip-192-168-1-95 helm % helm create my-application
Creating my-application

这将生成一个名为 my-application 的文件夹，其结构如下：

ninjamac@ip-192-168-1-95 helm % tree -L 3
.
└── my-application├── Chart.yaml├── charts├── templates│   ├── NOTES.txt│   ├── _helpers.tpl│   ├── deployment.yaml│   ├── hpa.yaml│   ├── ingress.yaml│   ├── service.yaml│   ├── serviceaccount.yaml│   └── tests└── values.yaml5 directories, 9 files

步骤2：了解图表结构

Chart.yaml
此文件定义了图表的元数据。

apiVersion: v2
name: my-application
description: A Helm chart for Kubernetes
type: application
version: 0.1.0
appVersion: "1.16.0"

values.yaml
这是图表的默认配置文件。用户可以在部署期间覆盖这些值。

replicaCount: 1image:repository: nginxpullPolicy: IfNotPresenttag: "1.20"
service:type: ClusterIPport: 80
ingress:enabled: falseclassName: ""annotations: {}# kubernetes.io/ingress.class: nginx# kubernetes.io/tls-acme: "true"hosts:- host: example.compaths:

templates/
此文件夹包含使用 Go 模板进行动态配置的 Kubernetes 清单。

步骤 3：自定义部署

编辑 templates/deployment.yaml 文件以定义应用程序的部署资源：

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:name: {{ .Release.Name }}-deploymentlabels:app: {{ .Chart.Name }}
spec:replicas: {{ .Values.replicaCount }}selector:matchLabels:app: {{ .Chart.Name }}template:metadata:labels:app: {{ .Chart.Name }}spec:containers:- name: {{ .Chart.Name }}image: "{{ .Values.image.repository }}:{{ .Values.image.tag }}"ports:- containerPort: {{ .Values.service.port }}

步骤 4：部署 Helm Chart

要将 Chart 部署到 Kubernetes 集群，请使用：

ninjamac@ip-192-168-1-95 helm % helm install my-release ./my-application
NAME: my-release
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Apr 16 15:51:05 2025
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
NOTES:
1. Get the application URL by running these commands:export POD_NAME=$(kubectl get pods --namespace default -l "app.kubernetes.io/name=my-application,app.kubernetes.io/instance=my-release" -o jsonpath="{.items[0].metadata.name}")export CONTAINER_PORT=$(kubectl get pod --namespace default $POD_NAME -o jsonpath="{.spec.containers[0].ports[0].containerPort}")echo "Visit http://127.0.0.1:8080 to use your application"kubectl --namespace default port-forward $POD_NAME 8080:$CONTAINER_PORT

检查deployment

ninjamac@ip-192-168-1-95 helm % kubectl get pod
NAME                                     READY   STATUS             RESTARTS        AGE
my-release-deployment-78b99bd958-zs79x   1/1     Running            0               71s

覆盖默认值

您可以使用 --set 参数覆盖 values.yaml 文件：helm install my-release ./my-application --set replicaCount=3

ninjamac@ip-192-168-1-95 helm % helm install my-release ./my-application --set replicaCount=3 
NAME: my-release
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Apr 16 16:02:30 2025
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1

步骤 5：测试和调试

查看发布状态

helm status my-release

ninjamac@ip-192-168-1-95 helm % helm status my-release
NAME: my-release
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Apr 16 16:02:30 2025
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
NOTES:

dry-run

使用 --dry-run 参数模拟部署：

helm install my-release ./my-application --dry-run

ninjamac@ip-192-168-1-95 helm % helm install my-release ./my-application --dry-run
NAME: my-release
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Apr 16 16:07:06 2025
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: pending-install
REVISION: 1
HOOKS:
---
# Source: my-application/templates/tests/test-connection.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:name: "my-release-my-application-test-connection"labels:helm.sh/chart: my-application-0.1.0app.kubernetes.io/name: my-applicationapp.kubernetes.io/instance: my-releaseapp.kubernetes.io/version: "1.16.0"app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: Helmannotations:"helm.sh/hook": test
spec:containers:- name: wgetimage: busyboxcommand: ['wget']args: ['my-release-my-application:80']restartPolicy: Never
MANIFEST:
---
# Source: my-application/templates/serviceaccount.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:name: my-release-my-applicationlabels:helm.sh/chart: my-application-0.1.0app.kubernetes.io/name: my-applicationapp.kubernetes.io/instance: my-releaseapp.kubernetes.io/version: "1.16.0"app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: Helm
automountServiceAccountToken: true
---
# Source: my-application/templates/service.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:name: my-release-my-applicationlabels:helm.sh/chart: my-application-0.1.0app.kubernetes.io/name: my-applicationapp.kubernetes.io/instance: my-releaseapp.kubernetes.io/version: "1.16.0"app.kubernetes.io/managed-by: Helm
spec:type: ClusterIPports:- port: 80targetPort: httpprotocol: TCPname: httpselector:app.kubernetes.io/name: my-applicationapp.kubernetes.io/instance: my-release
---
# Source: my-application/templates/deployment.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:name: my-release-deploymentlabels:app: my-application
spec:replicas: 1selector:matchLabels:app: my-applicationtemplate:metadata:labels:app: my-applicationspec:containers:- name: my-applicationimage: "nginx:1.20"imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresentports:- name: httpcontainerPort: 80protocol: TCP

升级发布版本

更新 chart 并应用更改：

helm upgrade my-release ./my-application

ninjamac@ip-192-168-1-95 helm % helm upgrade my-release ./my-application 
Release "my-release" has been upgraded. Happy Helming!
NAME: my-release
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Apr 16 16:08:40 2025
NAMESPACE: default
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 2

回滚到上一个版本

helm rollback my-release ./my-application

ninjamac@ip-192-168-1-95 helm % helm rollback my-release
Rollback was a success! Happy Helming!

步骤 6：打包并共享

打包 Chart

要将您的 Chart 打包为 .tgz 文件，请执行以下操作：

helm package ./my-application

ninjamac@ip-192-168-1-95 helm % helm package ./my-application 
Successfully packaged chart and saved it to: /Users/ninjamac/Desktop/Rock/helm/my-application-0.1.0.tgz
ninjamac@ip-192-168-1-95 helm % ls -al
total 8
drwxr-xr-x   4 ninjamac  staff   128  4 16 16:12 .
drwxr-xr-x@ 75 ninjamac  staff  2400  4 16 15:15 ..
drwxr-xr-x   7 ninjamac  staff   224  4 16 15:32 my-application
-rw-r--r--   1 ninjamac  staff  3811  4 16 16:12 my-application-0.1.0.tgz

托管您的 Chart

您可以将 Chart 托管在 Helm 仓库（例如 GitHub Pages 或 Artifact Hub）上。

Helm CLI

# General Commands
helm help                 # Display help for Helm
helm version              # Show the Helm version information# Chart Management
helm create <name>        # Create a new Helm chart
helm lint <chart>         # Run a linter to validate a chart
helm dependency update    # Update dependencies for a chart
helm dependency build     # Rebuild dependencies for a chart
helm dependency list      # List dependencies of a chart# Repository Management
helm repo add <name> <url>    # Add a Helm repository
helm repo list                # List all Helm repositories
helm repo update              # Update Helm repositories
helm repo remove <name>       # Remove a Helm repository
helm search hub <keyword>     # Search charts on Artifact Hub
helm search repo <keyword>    # Search charts in Helm repositories# Release Management
helm install <name> <chart>                # Install a Helm chart
helm upgrade <release> <chart>             # Upgrade a release
helm rollback <release> <revision>         # Roll back a release to a previous revision
helm uninstall <release>                   # Uninstall a release
helm list                                  # List all Helm releases
helm status <release>                      # Show the status of a release
helm history <release>                     # View the history of a release# Template Rendering
helm template <name> <chart> [flags]       # Render chart templates locally
helm get values <release>                  # Get the values of a release
helm get manifest <release>                # Get the manifest of a release
helm get notes <release>                   # Get the notes of a release# Debugging and Testing
helm test <release> [flags]                # Run tests for a release
helm install --dry-run <name> <chart>      # Simulate an install without executing
helm upgrade --dry-run <release> <chart>   # Simulate an upgrade without executing
helm get hooks <release>                   # Get hooks of a release# Chart Packaging and Publishing
helm package <chart>                       # Package a chart into a .tgz file
helm push <chart.tgz> <repository>         # Push a packaged chart to a repository (Helm plugin required)
helm show chart <chart>                    # Show detailed information about a chart
helm show values <chart>                   # Show default values for a chart
helm show all <chart>                      # Show all information about a chart# Cleanup
helm delete <release>                      # Alias for `uninstall`
helm repo cleanup                          # Remove old cache files from repositories# Plugin Management
helm plugin install <url>                  # Install a Helm plugin
helm plugin list                           # List installed Helm plugins
helm plugin update <name>                  # Update a Helm plugin
helm plugin uninstall <name>               # Remove a Helm plugin