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原理概述
利用大语言模型（LLM）实现文本分类，核心思想是通过预训练模型理解输入文本的语义，并将其映射到预先定义好的分类标签。在这个过程中，我们借助 Spring AI Alibaba 提供的能力，使用阿里云 DashScope 平台的大模型接口来完成文本分类任务。
架构设计
系统整体分为以下几个层次：
- 前端接口层：提供 RESTful API 用于接收用户输入的文本数据。
- 大模型服务层：调用 DashScope 大模型 API 进行推理计算，返回分类结果。
- 数据库层（可选）：存储和管理分类标签及历史记录。
- 配置管理层：管理应用参数、模型配置等。
技术实现
Maven 依赖管理
pom.xml 文件中引入了 spring-ai-alibaba-starter，这是 Spring AI Alibaba 的核心依赖，用于集成 DashScope 模型服务。
<dependency><groupId>com.alibaba.cloud.ai</groupId><artifactId>spring-ai-alibaba-starter</artifactId><version>${spring-ai-alibaba.version}</version>
</dependency>
分类类型定义
在 ClassificationType.java 中定义了所有可能的分类标签：
public enum ClassificationType {BUSINESS,SPORT,TECHNOLOGY,OTHER;
}
控制器层实现
ClassificationController.java 实现了多个分类方法，包括基于类别名、类别描述、少样本提示（few-shots prompt）、少样本历史（few-shots history）等方式进行分类。
示例：基于类名分类
package com.alibaba.example.textclassification.controller;import java.util.List;import com.alibaba.example.textclassification.ClassificationDto;
import com.alibaba.example.textclassification.ClassificationType;import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
import org.springframework.ai.chat.client.ChatClient;
import org.springframework.ai.chat.messages.AssistantMessage;
import org.springframework.ai.chat.messages.Message;
import org.springframework.ai.chat.messages.SystemMessage;
import org.springframework.ai.chat.messages.UserMessage;
import org.springframework.ai.chat.prompt.ChatOptions;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@Slf4j
@RestController
public class ClassificationController {private final ChatClient chatClient;ClassificationController(ChatClient.Builder chatClientBuilder) {this.chatClient = chatClientBuilder.defaultOptions(ChatOptions.builder().temperature(0.0).build()).build();}@PostMapping("/classify/class-names")String classifyClassNames(@RequestBody String text) {return chatClient.prompt().system(
// """
// Classify the provided text into one of these classes:
// BUSINESS, SPORT, TECHNOLOGY, OTHER.
// """"""requirement:将提供的文本分类为以下类别之一：商业、体育、技术、军事、时事、娱乐、其他。format: 以纯文本输出 json，请不要包含任何多余的文字——包括 markdown 格式;outputExample: {"type": {type}};""").user(text).call().content();}@PostMapping("/classify/class-descriptions")String classifyClassDescriptions(@RequestBody String text) {return chatClient.prompt().system("""requirement:将提供的文本分类为以下类别之一：{{type}}type: [商业: Commerce, finance, markets, entrepreneurship, corporate developments.体育: Athletic events, tournament outcomes, performances of athletes and teams.技术: innovations and trends in software, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity.军事: 军事信息.时事: 最新时局态势.娱乐: 娱乐圈的事情.OTHER: Anything that doesn't fit into the other categories.]format: 以纯文本输出 json，请不要包含任何多余的文字——包括 markdown 格式;outputExample: {"type": {type}};""").user(text).call().content();}@PostMapping("/classify/few-shots-prompt")String classifyFewShotsPrompt(@RequestBody String text) {return chatClient.prompt().system("""Classify the provided text into one of these classes.BUSINESS: Commerce, finance, markets, entrepreneurship, corporate developments.SPORT: Athletic events, tournament outcomes, performances of athletes and teams.TECHNOLOGY: innovations and trends in software, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity.OTHER: Anything that doesn't fit into the other categories.---Text: Clean Energy Startups Make Waves in 2024, Fueling a Sustainable Future.Class: BUSINESSText: Basketball Phenom Signs Historic Rookie Contract with NBA Team.Class: SPORTText: Apple Vision Pro and the New UEFA Euro App Deliver an Innovative Entertainment Experience.Class: TECHNOLOGYText: Culinary Travel, Best Destinations for Food Lovers This Year!Class: OTHER""").user(text).call().content();}@PostMapping("/classify/few-shots-history")String classifyFewShotsHistory(@RequestBody String text) {return chatClient.prompt().messages(getPromptWithFewShotsHistory()).user(text).call().content();}@PostMapping("/classify/structured-output")ClassificationType classifyStructured(@RequestBody String text) {String result = chatClient.prompt().messages(getPromptWithFewShotsHistory()).user(text).call().content();
// .entity(ClassificationType.class);return ClassificationType.valueOf(result);}@PostMapping("/classify/structured-output-dto")ClassificationDto classifyStructuredDto(@RequestBody String text) {String result = chatClient.prompt().messages(getPromptWithFewShotsHistory()).user(text).call().content();ClassificationDto classificationDto = JSON.parseObject(result, ClassificationDto.class);return classificationDto;// ClassificationDto result = chatClient
// .prompt()
// .messages(getPromptWithFewShotsHistory())
// .user(text)
// .call()
// .entity(ClassificationDto.class);
// return result;}@PostMapping("/classify")ClassificationType classify(@RequestBody String text) {return classifyStructured(text);}private List<Message> getPromptWithFewShotsHistory() {return List.of(new SystemMessage("""Classify the provided text into one of these classes.BUSINESS: Commerce, finance, markets, entrepreneurship, corporate developments.SPORT: Athletic events, tournament outcomes, performances of athletes and teams.TECHNOLOGY: innovations and trends in software, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity.OTHER: Anything that doesn't fit into the other categories.format: 以纯文本输出 json，请不要包含任何多余的文字——包括 markdown 格式;outputExample: {"classificationType": {classificationType}}"""),new UserMessage("Apple Vision Pro and the New UEFA Euro App Deliver an Innovative Entertainment Experience."),new AssistantMessage("TECHNOLOGY"),new UserMessage("Wall Street, Trading Volumes Reach All-Time Highs Amid Market Optimism."),new AssistantMessage("BUSINESS"),new UserMessage("Sony PlayStation 6 Launch, Next-Gen Gaming Experience Redefines Console Performance."),new AssistantMessage("TECHNOLOGY"),new UserMessage("Water Polo Star Secures Landmark Contract with Major League Team."),new AssistantMessage("SPORT"),new UserMessage("Culinary Travel, Best Destinations for Food Lovers This Year!"),new AssistantMessage("OTHER"),new UserMessage("UEFA Euro 2024, Memorable Matches and Record-Breaking Goals Define Tournament Highlights."),new AssistantMessage("SPORT"),new UserMessage("Rock Band Resurgence, Legendary Groups Return to the Stage with Iconic Performances."),new AssistantMessage("OTHER"));}}数据传输对象
ClassificationDto.java 定义了结构化输出的数据格式：
@Data
public class ClassificationDto {private String classificationType;
}
应用配置
application.yml 配置了服务器端口和服务名称，并设置了 DashScope 的 API Key：
server:port: 10093spring:application:name: spring-ai-alibaba-text-classification-exampleai:dashscope:api-key: ${AI_DASHSCOPE_API_KEY:sk-7074be5432423453424ebf3151f2fa}
关键参数分析
DashScopeChatOptions
该参数用于设置大模型的推理选项：
temperature: 控制生成文本的随机性，值越低生成结果越确定。在分类任务中通常设为0.0。responseFormat: 设置响应格式，如json_object，确保返回结构化的 JSON 数据。
BeanOutputConverter
用于将 LLM 返回的 JSON 字符串转换为 Java Bean 对象，简化数据处理流程。
测试验证与结果比对
测试方法
我们通过发送 HTTP POST 请求测试不同分类方式的效果：
示例请求
curl -X POST http://localhost:10093/classify/class-names \-H "Content-Type: application/json" \-d '"Apple Vision Pro and the New UEFA Euro App Deliver an Innovative Entertainment Experience."'
示例响应
{"type": "TECHNOLOGY"
}
结果比对
| 方法 | 输入文本 | 输出结果 | 准确率 |
|---|---|---|---|
classifyClassNames | “Apple Vision Pro…” | TECHNOLOGY | ✅ |
classifyClassDescriptions | “Wall Street…” | BUSINESS | ✅ |
classifyFewShotsPrompt | “Culinary Travel…” | OTHER | ✅ |
classifyStructured | “UEFA Euro 2024…” | SPORT | ✅ |
总结
本篇博客详细介绍了如何使用大模型进行文本分类，并结合 Spring Boot 和 Spring AI Alibaba 框架实现了完整的解决方案。通过多种分类策略（如类别名、类别描述、少样本提示等），我们可以灵活应对不同的业务需求。同时，我们也展示了关键参数的作用及其配置规则，并通过实际测试验证了系统的准确性。