人称代词和物主代词
人称代词(personal pronouns)和物主代词(possessive pronouns/adjectives),分别用于不同的语法功能。
什么是“人称代词”(Personal Pronouns)?
人称代词是用来代替人或事物的词,避免重复说同一个名词(比如不说 “Tom and Mary are here. Tom and Mary are happy.” 而说 “They are happy.”)。
人称代词根据 人称(第一、第二、第三)、单复数 和 在句中的作用(主格/宾格) 分为不同形式。
人称分类
| 人称 | 中文含义 | 英文例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 第一人称 | 说话人自己 | I(我),we(我们) |
| 第二人称 | 对话的人(你/你们) | you(你 / 你们) |
| 第三人称 | 被谈论的人或物(他/她/它/他们) | he, she, it, they |
📝 注意:英语中 you 既可表示“你”(单数),也可表示“你们”(复数),上下文决定意思。
2. 人称代词的两种形式:主格 vs 宾格
| 人称 | 主格(作主语) | 宾格(作宾语) |
|---|---|---|
| 第一人称单数 | I | me |
| 第二人称单数/复数 | you | you |
| 第三人称单数 | he / she / it | him / her / it |
| 第一人称复数 | we | us |
| 第二人称复数 | you | you |
| 第三人称复数 | they | them |
主格(Subject Pronouns):放在动词前,作句子的主语
- I like apples.(我喜欢苹果。)
- She is a teacher.(她是一名老师。)
- We went to the park.(我们去了公园。)
宾格(Object Pronouns):放在动词或介词后,作宾语
- He called me.(他给我打了电话。)← 动词后的宾语
- She gave a gift to him.(她送了他一份礼物。)← 介词 to 后的宾语
- Can you help us?(你能帮我们吗?)
💡 小技巧:如果不确定用主格还是宾格,试试把句子简化。
比如:“My brother and ___ went to school.”
去掉 “My brother and”,剩下 “___ went to school.” → 显然是 “I went…”,所以填 I。
而 “The teacher praised my brother and ___.” → 去掉后变成 “The teacher praised ___.” → 应该是 “praised me”,所以填 me。
什么是“物主代词”(Possessive Pronouns & Adjectives)?
物主代词表示“属于谁”,即“某人的”或“某人的东西”。它分为两类:
形容词性物主代词(Possessive Adjectives)
- 作用:必须后面接名词,起形容词作用,说明这个名词属于谁。
- 位置:放在名词前。
| 人称 | 形容词性物主代词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I → | my | This is my book.(这是我的书。) |
| you → | your | Is this your pen?(这是你的笔吗?) |
| he → | his | That’s his car.(那是他的车。) |
| she → | her | I met her sister.(我见到了她姐姐。) |
| it → | its | The dog wagged its tail.(狗摇了摇尾巴。) |
| we → | our | Our house is big.(我们的房子很大。) |
| they → | their | Their parents are doctors.(他们的父母是医生。) |
⚠️ 注意:its(它的)没有撇号!
❌ 不要写成 it’s —— it’s = it is 或 it has
名词性物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)
- 作用:单独使用,后面不接名词,相当于“形容词性物主代词 + 名词”。
- 位置:通常在句尾或作主语/表语。
| 人称 | 名词性物主代词 | 对应的“形容词+名词” | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| I → | mine | my book / my car | This book is mine.(这本书是我的。) |
| you → | yours | your phone | Is this phone yours?(这手机是你的吗?) |
| he → | his | his bag | The red bag is his.(红色包是他的。) |
| she → | hers | her idea | The idea was hers.(这个主意是她的。) |
| it → | its(极少单独用) | — | (一般不用) |
| we → | ours | our home | This home is ours.(这个家是我们的。) |
| they → | theirs | their seats | These seats are theirs.(这些座位是他们的。) |
✅ 关键区别:
- This is my book. → 有名词 “book”,用 my
- This book is mine. → 没有重复 “book”,用 mine
完整对比表(超实用!)
| 人称 | 主格 | 宾格 | 形容词性物主代词 | 名词性物主代词 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 我 | I | me | my | mine |
| 你 | you | you | your | yours |
| 他 | he | him | his | his |
| 她 | she | her | her | hers |
| 它 | it | it | its | (its) |
| 我们 | we | us | our | ours |
| 你们 | you | you | your | yours |
| 他们 | they | them | their | theirs |
四、常见错误与提醒
-
不要混淆 it’s 和 its
- It’s = It is / It has → “It’s raining.”(下雨了。)
- Its = 它的 → “The cat licked its paw.”(猫舔了舔它的爪子。)
-
his 和 hers 没有撇号
- 正确:The bike is his. / The dress is hers.
- 错误: his’ / hers’
-
you 的所有形式都一样
- 主格:You are kind.
- 宾格:I like you.
- 物主:Is this your bag? / The bag is yours.
-
its 很少用作名词性物主代词
- 通常说 “its color”(它的颜色),但很少说 “The color is its.” → 更自然的说法是 “It’s its color.” 或换表达。
五、小练习(自测)
判断下列句子是否正确,错误的请改正:
- Her gave me a gift.
- This is mine book.
- We invited they to the party.
- The decision was our.
- She is taller than me.( 这个其实口语中常用,但正式写作中有人认为应为 “than I”,不过现代英语普遍接受 “than me”)
答案:
- ❌ → She gave me a gift.(主语要用主格)
- ❌ → This is my book.(后面有名词,用形容词性)
- ❌ → We invited them to the party.(动词后用宾格)
- ❌ → The decision was ours.(单独使用,用名词性)
- ✅(日常和考试中都可接受)
